Saturday, August 31, 2019
Merchant Of Venice Answers
Granting says it is time for them to laugh again and that Antonio should not SE his depressed state of mind to show people he is full of wisdom. He says it is better to behave like a fool than to be serious and pretend to be wise. 5. He compares the world with a Stage where everyone has a purpose or part to play. 6. He is trying to win the lady Portrait's heart by being on an equal standing with her other suitors. He's lifestyle is expensive and he tries to impress everyone with his wealth. 7. From Antonio. 8. He assures him that his money and all he has is available to Bastion.He will help him any way he can – as long as the cause is honest. 9. He wants to end more money from Antonio so that he can win the Lady Portrait's heart (and money) to pay off his debts. 10. He needs the money to compete with Portrait's other suitors and to travel to Belmont, Portrait's home. He thus needs it to buy presents for Portia to impress her. 1 1 . And she is also beautiful and good 12. By bor rowing money, he pretends to be rich, and we know he is not, in fact he is in great debt. He pretends to be interested in Portia – but we can assume he is after her money. 3. No, he is still depressed. He makes true on his promises. He does not pretend to be happy – and he does not hide his linings towards Shylock. 14. From Shylock, a Jewish moneylender who lends money with interest. 5 February The Merchant Of Venice: Act 1, Scene 2 1. Inertias. 2. Inertias says that if you have a lot of money, it makes you quicker than when you have just enough to live on. Portia has never worked and thus not know what it is like to suffer. 3. Portia believes it is good to follow proper advice for the heart is sometimes ruled by emotions. 4.Portrait's father said in his will that the man who wants to marry her must choose one of three caskets. The right one shall have a picture of Portia in it. 5. She refused them cause of her father's will and the fact that she did not like them. 6. Yes, she does. 7. The caskets that is made out of lead, because her father wants a husband for her who doesn't want her for her money, but who really loves her for who she is. 9 February The Merchant Of Venice: Act 1, Scene 3 1 . Shylock means that Antonio is a good man because he is wealthy and it is safe risk to take to give him the money.He always pays his debts. 2. It is shown in Schlock's declaration that he will not eat or dine with them because they might give him pork to eat. 3. Antonio lends money to people without interest, which shows he is a giving, generous, caring and honest man. 4. Own answer -? must be well motivated. (Remember, during the Elizabethan times, it was acceptable. ) 5. Shylock hates Antonio because, 6. He is a Christian, 7. Antonio has openly criticized Schlock's usury because Antonio does not ask it, 8. He has spit on Shylock and treated him like a mongrel's dog. 9.He repeats the terms and conditions of the loan several times. He pretends to have no mon ey (he would borrow it from Tuba) and he greets him too politely. 10. Appearance vs.. Reality, Money lending vs.. Friendship, Mercy vs.. Justice. Love vs.. Friendship, Comedy vs.. Tragedy, Materialism vs.. Spiritualism. 11. He will lend three thousand ducats to Antonio for three months, and if he cannot repay it, Shylock will take a piece of flesh from Notation's body any. Veer he wants to. 12. Bastion does not like the terms at all. It reveals that he truthfully cares more about his friend than the money. 13.Antonio is sure his merchant ships will be in Venice a full month before the end of the contract and it will be worth 9 times the value of the loan. 14. No, he feels a fair bargain from a sly person is worse than an unfair deal from an honest person. He feels Shylock is a villain and not able to be â€Å"fair†. May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 1 1 . They are living under the same sun thus they are both used to a life of luxury. 2. She cannot say that she likes or dislikes it – she is not influenced by her eyes prejudice. 3. She tells us that she places the Prince of Morocco on an equal footing with her other suitors.From the previous act, we know she does not think very highly of them either. This supports the theme of Prejudice. 4. It could make him a man blessed (with a beautiful wife and money) or ill fated. Thus, he dislikes the idea of having fate decide his future. 5. He makes him swear never to marry. May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 2 1. He compares him to the devil himself. 2. Bastion is a kind master and a Christian but Shylock ill-treats him. Bassoon's servants wear beautiful uniforms. 3. Old Gobo treats his son with respect and dignity (â€Å"young master') but Shylock mistreats him.Gobo wants to help his son to a better work, and he forgives his son for playing tricks on him. 4. Lancelot says that Bastion is full of mercy and kindness -? unlike Shylock. Bastion is not there for the money. 5. No, it is very unlik e him. We can forgive him for his rude behavior because that is what makes him unique and his friends do not mind his faults. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 3 1 . Lancelot was the comic relief to her miserable life. 2. With Lorenz. 3. It is surprising because Lorenz is a Christian and Jessica is a Jew – usually these two religions do not agree.Lorenz is a friend of Notation's and Shylock will thus never approve of their love. It was totally unheard of. 4. She loves him – he is her father – but she does not like his behavior or methods. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 4 1. She will disguise herself as a boy. 2. She will bring some money – in this case, some of her fathers gold and eels. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 5 1 . He thinks they want to flatter him because of his wealthy and to thank him for the three thousand ducats. 2. He wants to use the opportunity to secretly scorn and mock the Christians' manners.He wants t o watch in hatred as Bastion wastes the money. 3. We know now that he is only interested in himself, that his daughter is nothing more than a commodity and he is fine with treating his servants badly. He is stingy, materialistic, mean, dull, too serious and filled with hate. 4. Shakespeare wants to show that, if both parties agree, Christians and Jews can get long quite nicely. He tried to bridge the racial prejudice by making a Jew and a Christian fall in love – love can overcome hatred and religious differences. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 6 1 .He loves her too much and she is wise, fair and trustworthy. 2. Bastion and is on his way to Belmont with a ship and the wind is now favorable for him to set sail immediately. 3. He wants to see Inertias, his love interest. 4. His first concern is the money – he might be infatuated with Portia, but it is not clear yet. 3 May The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 7 1. 1)†Who choosiest me, shall gain what man y men desire†. )†Who choosiest me, shall get as much as he deserves†. 3) â€Å"Who choosiest me, must give and hazard all he hath†. 2. A picture of Portia. . 1) He does not want to take a risk with lead – it is worthless and it will be foolish. He does not want to risk everything without gaining something in the process. 2) It says the one who chooses it, will get what he deserves – and he knows he deserves Portrait's hand in marriage because he has a beautiful complexion, good manners and he is a good lover. He does not choose it, because he feels its worth will not be enough include Portia. 3) He feels hat he deserve more than just a casket – wants the casket that is worthy of Portia herself.Gold is more worthy than silver and Portia is worth more than any other woman. 4. He did not choose the right one and he was leaving immediately. 22 July The Merchant Of Venice: Act 2, Scene 8 2. 3. 4. He is angry because she went with a Christian and she took some of his jewels and money. He is also upset because he has lost a daughter. Own answer – it is difficult to say, maybe it was a double blow to him? Shylock might change the terms of their agreement – and if Antonio cannot repay the money, Shylock might not show him any mercy. He might just now claim â€Å"the pound of flesh†immediately.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Chabahar Port
Chabahar Free Trade- Industrial Zone (CFZ) is an Iranian free trade zone on the coast of the Gulf of Oman in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. It is formed according to the law on the establishment and administration of free trade-industrial zones. It was established in 1992 along with the two other free trade zones, Qeshm and Kish Island to use global expertise, mostly from South East Asia, as a tool for the development of the country, accelerating the accomplishment of infrastructures, creation of productive employment, and representation in the global markets.Chabahar free trade-industrial zone achieved its importance mainly from its geographical location as the shortest and the most secure route connecting Central Asian Independent States (CIS) and Afghanistan to warm waters and it’s proximately to one of the largest oil, gas and mineral resources of the world and as the only ocean port of the country. It is the closest and best access point of Iran to the Indian Ocean.For this reason, Chabahar is the focal point of Iran for development of the east of the country through expansion and enhancement of transit routes among countries situated in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and Central Asia. The hope is that with the development of transit routes, and better security and transit services, the benefits will reach the area residents. Chabahar free trade-industrial zone has started its activities in 1995 focusing on these major activities; transit and urban development and education under the administration of public controlled Chabahar free trade-industrial zone organization.In 2002 Chabahar free trade-industrial zone organization established five specialized subsidiary bodies with the permission of the secretariat of high council of Iran free trade-industrial zones, including four holding companies and one education center that is listed below: 1-        Holding company of Transit and Development of Trading. 2-Â Â Â à ‚     Holding company of Investment and Industrial Development. 3-        Holding company of Social Welfare and Tourism Development. 4-        Holding company of Professional Civil and Civic Development. –        International University of Chabahar. In 2007, Chabahar free zone canceled some of the subsidiary bodies and turned them into sections of Chabahar free zone organization. Its economic sectors are fishery industries and commercial sector, fishery sectors with largest amount of country’s fish catch, mainly located out of the Chabahar free zone. Growing commercial sector located at free trade area with high potentiality to turn to a place that would connect business growth centers is South Asia (India) and Middle East (Dubai) to Central Asian and Afghanistan market.Government plan to link Chabahar free trade area to Iran’s main rail network which is connected to Central As ia and Afghanistan would provide more capability for Chabahar to faster logistics sector that is a basic to achieve better position comparing to its competitor (Pakistan port of Gwadar). Iran plans to use Chabahar for transshipment to Afghanistan and Central Asia while reserving the port of Bandar Abbas as a major hub mainly for trade with Russia and Europe.Along with Bandar Abbas, Chabahar is the Iranian entrepot on the North-South corridor. A strategic partnership between India, Iran and Russia to establish a multi- modal transport link connecting Mumbai with St. Petersburg. Providing Europe and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia access to Asia and vice-versa. There are two jetties, Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari. Shahid Beheshti jetty with 18,000 square meters sheltered warehouse, comprehends the capacity of receiving the vessels of 100,000 gross tonnages.Shahid Kalantari jetty with 42,000 square meters sheltered warehouse is able to have the vessels berth. By a we ll developed road network, Chabahar has the access to the other neighboring countries as well as the Middle Asian states. The existence of transport terminal, with a capacity of receiving approximately 1,000 trucks and lorries daily makes the transportation of different types of produced, imported or transited goods possible through the land roads. It can also open bank credit directly through the zone banks.According to statistics in Farvardin 1388(March-April 2009),80,660 tons of goods with value of $41,800,000 were imported through Chabahar Custom, were mainly wheat, rubber ingredients, chemical fertilizers, mechanical and industrial machineries. The main exported goods were chocolate, biscuits, tear, solid petrol, solid paraffin and etc. The total income of this custom was $65 billion and 359 million Rial and shows 58 percent growth with comparison to the last year at the same period. The main privileges and legal facilities for investors          Poss ibility of investment for foreign and domestic investors to any extent. –         Guarantee of foreign investment at the zone according to the inserted mechanism in the law of Free zone. –         Repatriation of capital and profit gained from the economic activities. –         Exemption of 30 years tax. –         Free to import machinery, spare parts, transport means, raw material for construction. –         Possibility in using the foreign well qualified man power at the zone to the extent of 10 percent of the unit staffs. –         Possibility in transit and re-export of goods without any limitation.          Possibility of arrival of foreigners at the free zone without getting visa. –         Possibility in retail trad e for foreign and domestic businessmen. –         Lack of limitation in giving the land for large industrial projects. –         Exemption from the payment of custom duties for those goods produced at the zone and exported to the mainland in proportion of the added values and the exploited domestic materials. –         Release of the certificate of origin for those goods exported from the zone. The facilities and opportunities available for investmentConstruction of power plant, private international airport, refinery, petrochemical plant, heavy industries and relevant industries, car manufacturing and relevant industries, public warehouse, fishery and food stuff industries, establishment of companies investing in and financing the construction of the units specialized in industry, trade, transit and services, tourism service, exploitation of information and communication techno logy, service industries related to transit of goods, establishment of transportation networks for transit of goods and creation of international shipping lines.FTZs to Launch International Banks| Ministry of commerce together with Ministry of Economy are embarking on a project allowing Iranian free trade zones to team up with foreign partners for establishment of banks. The Mehr news agency quoted Commerce Ministry official Hossein Soltanian as saying so far six FTZs have agreed to get involved in the project in a bid to facilitate foreign investment and rejuvenate development of those areas.Soltanian said â€Å"the preliminary steps have been taken to establish the first such bank. †â€Å"According to plan, there will be similar initiatives in almost all 6 Iranian free trade zones,†Soltanian added. â€Å"Bank Refah together with a number of foreign investors will have stakes in establishment of the bank,†Soltanian added. | Goods Transit Via Iran Reaches 6million Tons| According to a report by Iran Customs Administration the daily goods transit via Iran increased 5. 8 percent over the last year.Daily, some 5 million and 861 thousand 450 tons various goods are transited via Iranian territories, the report said. Of the total figure, foodstuffs account for 11 percent, automobiles for 3. 5 percent and fuel for 12. 4 percent. Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, United Arab Emirates, Iraq and Turkmenistan were among the main destinations for the transited goods. Some 60. 8 percent of the goods were transited to the above mentioned countries via Iran’s various export terminals. Afghan Investors Eye Iran’s Free Zone| The process of Iran-Afghanistan economic ties has been accelerated during the last two years, managing director of Chabahar Free Zone Organization said. Elaborating on a meeting held between Iranian and Afghan economic activists in Chabahar Free Zone, Mohammad T. Baqerizade said that the meeting was the fifth meeting held b etween the two countries’ economic officials during the last two years.The two sides discussed expansion of ties in various fields including trade, industries, education, construction, transit and tourism. He said that during the previous meetings Iran agreed to grant 50 hectares of Chabahar Free Zone to Afghan investors who would interest to make investment in the zone’s various economic sectors. The Afghan investors have announced interest in building silos and warehouses in zone as well as in making investment in the production of the goods the raw materials of which are produced in Afghanistan, he concluded. |
Thursday, August 29, 2019
APA Paper Template
Fort Hood, the military reservation located in Killeen, Texas and 20-year- old Adam Lana fatally shot 20 children and 6 adult staff members of the Sandy Creek Elementary School located in Newton, Connecticut. Both males had a history of mental illness and the deaths and injuries could possibly have avoided if the gun control regulations were stricter or included a provision for restricting access to guns by persons with a history of mental illness. Public Safety Mental illness and childhood bullying has been a leading causes for many Of the shooting across the world.Public safety was the key to the debate in Connecticut after the tragic shooting of the Sandy Creek students and staff to demand stricter, more sensible gun laws. The primary goal is to protect the children and prevent additional massacres. President Obama wants to ban almost all reinserts of military surplus firearms to private entities. This will lead to the closure of a 1 1 a-year-old Civilian Marksmanship Program. The weapons used in the Columbine shutting were military grade weapons. The ban by President Obama is solely to keep military grade fire arms off the trees.The weapon used in the Sandy Creek Elementary School was a Bushmaster Model XML 5-SEES rifle. According to â€Å"There is so much ample evidence of the inability of the civilian world to control these weapons, that is no longer reasonable to entrust them to for that purpose,†Joshua Kickoffs, an attorney representing the families, said in an interview. â€Å"How many massacres do there have to be before that is realized?
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Designing a new tool for warming tubular meat products Research Paper
Designing a new tool for warming tubular meat products - Research Paper Example The common meat products warmed are mutton, beef, mattock, fish fillet, chicken meat and pock. The most warming is done in the evening hours far many hours after cooking to keep the meat products warm and fresh. Meat products that remained and are kept for next day need to be warmed in the morning. The warming process roughly takes 30-45 minutes depending on the quantity and the device for warming. My concept of developing a new heating tool relies on the concept of efficiency and reliability. My new tool uses the concept of hot water bath heating. The existing source of heat which is being used for cooking is reused for warming it can be solar heating, charcoal or fire wood or electricity. A metallic container is set just alongside the cooking place and is half filled with water. The meat to be warmed is packed is small plastic bags the immersed in the container. The water gets heated as the cooking of other food is done warming the meat products. Castle L, Nichol J, Gilbert J. Migration of mineral hydrocarbons into foods: waxed paper for packaging dry goods including bread, confectionery and for domestic use including microwave cooking. Food Additives and Contaminants 1994; 1191):
Marketing to Uncle Sam- Contract administration and management Essay
Marketing to Uncle Sam- Contract administration and management - Essay Example A good example of an aspect that has been developed for vendors by GSA is the Vendor Toolbox. This entails a collection of resources that assist the vendors in deciding whether having a GSA Schedule is their priority (Stanberry, 2012). A Vendor Toolbox is made up of three major steps. These include research, analyze and decide. One of the notable methods that I would use to market my products or services to the US government is through internet. In its effort to ensure effective communication and coordination among its agencies, the US government has ensured that every federal agency has a website. Thus, as an owner of a small business I should as a first step visit such websites. In this way I will become aware of the services that are demanded by the agencies. Through the use of FedBizOpps, I will be in a position to identify the federal procurements that are available. My preference for websites and FedBizOpps is based on the fact that each business day, large numbers of notices are posted on the agencies
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Software Process Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Software Process Models - Essay Example this scenario, the hospital will be using this information system to keep a record of the patient, such as their personal information, information regarding their disease and so on. The software development team has decided to adopt prototyping model for the development of this information system. This approach will allow the software development team to build a prototype of the system in order that the users of the system could identify the working of the proposed system. Basically, the majority of system analysts nowadays makes use of prototypes all the way through the system design. A prototype is a functioning model of the planned system (Whitten, Bentley, & Dittman, 2000; Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). The system analyst basically constructs a useful structure of the solution throughout the design. Prototyping allows the software development team to develop a functional system quickly and reasonably for end users to weigh up. By communicating with the prototype users can search out an improved suggestion of the information requirements. The prototype authorized by the users can be used as a model to build the ultimate system. In this scenario, the prototype can be acknowledged as a functioning adaptation of software or an element of the software, but it is intended to be no more than a development model. Additionally, once prepared, the prototype will be additionally developed until it obeys the rules accurately to user’s requirements. Once the design has been completed, the prototype can be transformed into a sophisticated development system. The method of developing a foundational design, making use of it, refining it and trying again has been acknowledged an iterative method of systems development for the reason that the steps essential to develop a system can be repetitive over and over again (Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Whitten, Bentley, & Dittman, 2000). In addition, prototyping is further openly iterative than the traditional life cycle, and it
Monday, August 26, 2019
Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Review - Essay Example According to the Basel system, IB’s profited from the low capital weight conferred to them. This acted as a reflection of relation safety therefore making it economical for banks to offer credit as counterparties to IB’s. The role of regulatory oversight for investment banks aided maintain the cost of capital low while at the same time allowing more control. Forth coming strategies need to guarantee that equity and credit principles are not mixed up , and that the capital rules that apply to these risky businesses are targeted efficiently to them and the cost of leverage is sufficiently high to ensure their size and risk taking activities are appropriately contained (Blundell-Wignall, Atkinson & Lee 2008, p 5-6). At the conference, some maintained that this arrangement might still not evade main systemic hitches in the future. This was because banks in the monitoring boundary would continue enjoying counter party relations with IB’s and other high-risk firms outs ide the fence thus dragging them back to where they were before. The considerable risk opportunities that should be taken are not particular and so is the independence of the cost of capital. If banks are to enter into counter party relationship with the high risk firms it should be done with very clear guidelines in some cases up to full cover in order to protect the banks’ creditworthiness. ... As a result, fewer transactions would be up to the internal rate of return requirements, and control and general risk will be proportionately smaller and so would the size and way of the monetary sector on the economy. However, it was observed that now it is too late to turn the hand of time and as such, the existing strategy in the crisis necessarily should pool the weaker and stronger institutions (Blundell-Wignall, Atkinson & Lee 2008, p 10-11). Another tactic is to work with non- operating holding company structures (NOHC’s). It will split a financial company into its integral parts in which there exists distinct panels and stout firewalls among the subordinate parts. Capital laws can be designed to the riskiness of the actions of the companies, and in an occurrence of a crisis, any subsidiary making losses can easily be handled by administrators while not jeopardizing the whole corporation. To liquidate or sell a challenging IB securities trader can be done with much more ease. For instance, the IB can be a subordinate of the non-operating holding company structure (NOHC) other than an entity at the top most of the structure. In addition, the NOHC configuration is also much more transparent and in its case, it is less taxing to reduce intra-group contacts. It also offers clear and adaptable arrangement for scarcely defined, deposit-taking banking that is superior to having the bank at the top of the group or having the bank as the group itself as in the case of the universal banking in Europe. In other words, NOHC’s would be much more stress-free to regulate. The key general point to note is that high-risk financial undertakings need to pay the accurate market charges of capital without biases caused by the rule and bank structure interface. For example,
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Contract Law Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words
Contract Law Questions - Essay Example Moreover, the purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent an unconscionable exercise of rights by one party to bring about significant detriment to another party2. Therefore, for example, if a third party such as a consumer has suffered significant detriment as a result of the reliance on a promise made by a manufacturer, relief may be accorded by the Court on grounds of equity and prevention of unconscionable transactions. Equity will determine relief rather than formal contractual provisions and this position has taken precedence in several cases - equity has been acknowledged as a right that will provide relief for a party who has been wrong by the unconscionable exercise of a legal contractual party.3 This could be the basis that can be successfully used to circumvent the doctrine of privity in contract. There are certain separate contractual requirements that have been laid out for minors because the law classes them in the group of people who are mentally incapacitated and therefore incapable of entering into a binding contract with anyone. A minor may enter into contracts only for necessities such as food, clothing and other supplies, which do not include luxury supplies4. In the case of such items as well, a minor is not obligated to pay the full contractual price but may pay a lower price, which is reasonable.5 Therefore, applying this to Toby’s case, the catering of food items for a party cannot be strictly categorized under necessities and since Toby, as a minor, is considered by law to be mentally incapable of entering into a contract or of understanding the legal ramifications that accrue form contractual obligations, his claim that he does not have to pay is likely to hold good under the law.
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Theory, Research and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Theory, Research and Practice - Essay Example In 2009, the patient experienced placement of primatrix and grafting. Wound care has evolved over the years, with expansive knowledge and research advancement in treatment and wound healing has been noticeable. Doctors and nurses have been able to assess wounds more accurately, identify related problems and issues sooner, outline interventions and reduce morbidity. To update one on the current evidence based wound management, the resources focus on patient assessment suffering from chronic wounds, wound care optimization with effective wound bed preparation and the selection of appropriate wound dressing. Developing an elaborate plan of care depends on undertaking an extensive evaluation of the patient and the wound. Nurses ought to determine if the wound is severe or acute and the cause of the wound. Nurses may also result in examining the patient’s medical history if they fail to determine the cause of the wound. Wound assessment should be conducted properly as it significan tly influences the care and healing process. The wound is supposed to be carefully, and proper assessment conducted to develop a care procedure. Assessing severe wounds can be cumbersome and challenging as some wounds have irregular shapes that change often, a note to add is that if the patient is attended to by different nurses, they may harbor different opinions about the wound and its shape. Wound dressing plays a vital role in supporting moist wound healing and maintenance of a moist wound bed. Wound dressing depends on various factors such as; shape of the wound, wound, frequency of wound dress and the presence or absence of pain and issues such as itching (Upton, Penn, Richardson & Rippon, 2014). Evidence-based research has been well described using different nursing theories and conceptual framework of nurses. Conceptual framework deals with concepts that that are assembled due to their relevance to a common issue (Cherry & Jacob, 2013). They serve as a springboard for the
Friday, August 23, 2019
Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1
Managment - Essay Example In simple words, sustainability aims to combat with the latest challenges by allocating the resources and energies for the short term period without putting the future developments into jeopardy. Thus, sustainability is basically seen by neoclassical economists as a problem of managing a nation’s portfolio of capital to maintain it at a constant level, either in toto or per capita. It includes natural capital, in principle, but it also allows for virtually unlimited substitution between man-made and natural capital (Pearce et al., 1990: quoted in Ayers 2000 2). Hence, sustainability looks into the canvas of business environment with a larger and long term perspective. However, it does not mean that it absolutely nullifies the long-term planning. On the contrary, it works out on current corporate scenario in such a dedicated way, by exercising best of skills and proficiencies that it indirectly creates long-term shareholder value by increasing opportunities and minimizing risk factors for the future years to come. Sustainability is essentially the continuity of the satisfaction regarding the fulfillment of basic needs; the same can be witnessed by elaborating the concept within corporate point of view, where it is actually the strategy devised and articulated to keep the ball of commercial activities rolling. The analysts divide sustainability into two different levels, which include weak and strong sustainability. Weak sustainability is the idea that natural capital can be used up as long as it is converted into manufactured capital of equal value. On the other hand, strong sustainability is the idea that there are certain functions that the environment performs that cannot be duplicated by humans.(Hart, Maureen 1998 3) In other words, the theorists argue that different forms of capital can be utilized by converting it from natural form into manufactured capital form. Consequently, weak sustainability measures the value of natural objects, beauties and c apital within a monetary perspective without taking into account its worthwhile status as the pure object of nature. For instance, mountains offer countless beauties and finances are generated from the tourists and visitors. Additionally, there are countless natural products that could be obtained from mountains and hills. However, the weak sustainability mere calculates the gains that could be generated by turning the hilly areas into plains. Thus, the narrow-sightedness of the notion appears to be unable to provide an in-depth analysis of the objects of nature and mistakenly regard them as the wastage of resources out of which huge money could be generated. Similarly, a forest full of trees contains the worth quite different from the estimation made by an entrepreneur. A value can be calculated if you assume that all the trees are cut down and turned into furniture or paper. However, the forest provides a home for wildlife that provides food for hunters. It also provides a place f or hikers to enjoy the natural environment. (Hart, Maureen 1998 5) On the other hand, strong sustainability refutes the very idea that natural capital are substitute to one another and hence can be estimated in terms of materialistic and
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Minerals and How We Use Them Essay Example for Free
Minerals and How We Use Them Essay Elements combine together to form different minerals and minerals combine to form rocks. There are 92 naturally occurring elements and with exception of a few inert elements like Gold, Platinum etc. , they combine together to form as many as 4000 minerals. Out of this large number of minerals only about two dozens are common (constitutes ~ 99% of Earth crust) and these are composed of about a dozen elements. These rock forming elements can be classified in five groups – silicates, carbonates, oxides and sulfates. In following sections we will briefly describe these minerals, their formation and usage. Silicates: Silicon is the 2nd most abundant element next to oxygen on the Earth crust. It combines with oxygen to form a tetragonal compound, SiO2, which combines together to form a large tetragonal structure. Besides, SiO2 combines with other metal oxides, to form their silicates. Some examples of common silicates are Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Micas, Feldspar etc. Carbonates: Carbonates CO32- are linear molecules consisting of carbon and oxygen. These ions are arranged in the form of sheet in minerals like Calcite and Dolomite. Oxides: Metals react with oxygen to form their oxides. Some important oxide minerals are Hematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Chromite (Cr2O3), Cassiterite (SnO2) etc. Sulfides: These are metal-sulfur compounds. Some important sulfide compounds are known as Pyrites like Chalcopyrite, Fools Gold etc. These minerals have metallic luster. Sulfates: These are composed of metal ions and sulfate ions (SO42-). These minerals have practically no ore value to the date. However, these are used as compounds. One important sulfate mineral is Gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O). Mineral Formation: Minerals form by crystallization and growth in a liquid. The liquid can be either a molten rock or an aqueous solution. When temperature of a molten rock or magma falls below freezing point of a mineral, the mineral crystallizes. Minerals do not have a sharp freezing point; instead they solidify over a range, depending on their composition. The first to solidify is the one having highest solidification point and this is Quartz, subsequently other metal silicates solidify. Minerals solidifying towards the end have lowest solidification point. Besides, minerals crystallize in aqueous solution as well. This happens when an aqueous solution having minerals at some temperature, becomes supersaturated due to change in temperature (generally cooling, but sometimes heating as well). In case of mineral precipitation from an aqueous solution, what is important is solubility and not the melting point of the mineral Properties of Mineral: Minerals are characterized by some of their unique properties like Crystal form, Hardness, Cleavage and Fracture, Color, Specific Gravity etc. crystal form of a mineral depends on the internal arrangement of the constituent atoms / ions. This leads to well developed faces of the crystal and is a very important clue of crystal identification. Hardness of a mineral depends on the bond strength of the constituent atoms / ions. It is measured on Mohs scale (1 to 10). Higher Mohs value implies higher hardness; 10 is for diamond and 1 for talc. Color: Color of a mineral depends on its chemical composition, structure and also on impurity content. This is also an important clue for mineral identification. Specific Gravity: This is a very important property of minerals and difference in specific gravity is utilized for mineral separation. Usages of Mineral: We use minerals in many different ways. These are used as such for example, sand as construction material, Limestone for making cement, Gypsum for making Plaster of Paris etc. Besides, metals, the backbone of today’s civilization, are extracted from their respective minerals. Some examples are Iron from hematite / magnetite, Copper from chalcopyrite, Uranium from uranite etc. Thus we can conclude that minerals are invaluable to us. Chapter 26: Rocks Rocks are the building block of the Earth crust. Therefore, we encounter rocks everywhere. The study of rocks is important as they give us clue of the geological past of the Earth, besides they contain in them minerals, which have great value for us. The Earth can be viewed as the churning ground for rocks, where rocks keep forming and changing their forms. Based on origin, rocks are classified in three categories – Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic. In subsequent paragraphs we will discuss briefly about these rocks. Igneous Rock: These are formed by solidification of magma. Magma is molten rock, which comes out from within the Earth crust during volcanic eruptions. It is useful to know formation of magma. As we go down the Earth Crust, its temperature rises at a rate of ~ 30 oC per kilometer. Thus at a sufficient depth, temperature of the rock is well above their melting point, but the rock is still solid due to the overhead pressure by the rocks above it. But due to tectonic movements, sometimes a hot solid rock moves up where pressure is less that needed to keep it solid, and then it melts and the molten magma rises above through cracks. The rising magma further reduces the pressure on it and causes formation of more magma. Also, sometimes, water comes in contact with hot rock through some cracks and water being foreign body or impurity, reduces melting point of the rock, which melts and thus magma is produced. The magma rises up through cracks and heats and melts the rocks in the way and thus creates more magma. The rising magma cools and solidifies and thus igneous rocks are formed. If the magma comes out of Earth’s surface (it is known as Lava) and solidifies then what is formed is Extrusive Rock, an important example is Basalt, which is low silica fast moving magma. If the magma solidifies within the ground itself, then what forms is Intrusive Rock or Plutons, an example is a Dike. Sedimentary Rocks: Weathering of rocks leads to formation of smaller fragments of rocks. This process can be either mechanical or chemical. The weathered rocks erode i. e. they are transported away to a new location by carrier agents like flowing water and wind. During transportation also, these fragments collide with each other and gets smoothened. When the carrying ability of these agents weakens, these fragments settle at those locations. The process continues and new lays keep depositing. The underlying layer is compressed by the top layers and densifies and thus is formed a layered Rock structure, known as sedimentary rock. If the sediments are composed of small rock fragments, this is called Clastic, while those formed by chemical precipitation are called chemical sediments. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified according to their constituent particle sizes. Fine seiments are clay, silt and sand and they form rocks like Mudstone Shale, Siltstone and Sandstone respectively. Coarse sediments are pebble, cobble and boulder and they form Conglomerates. Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by precipitation from supersaturated aqueous solutions. Some examples of chemical sedimentary rocks are Limestone, Dolomite, and halites; halites are formed by evaporation of lakes or seawater. Many fossils are preserved in the sedimentary rocks and they give clues to the life in past. Metamorphic rocks When a rock mass – igneous as well as sedimentary, is brought in a region (by natural process) where temperature and or pressure is too high for existence of the rock, then is changes its form and the process is termed metamorphism (change in shape) and the resulting rock is metamorphic rock. The metamorphism can be brought about by recrystallization or mechanical deformation. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are Granite (from lime stone), Diamond (from coal or graphite), etc. Rock cycle refers to a cycle through which these rocks – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, keep changing into each other by the different forces of Nature. Chapter 28: Occurrence and Movement of Water Life evolved on the Earth in water (oceans) and water is essential for life. More than 70% of Earth’s surface is covered with water. Therefore, it is important to understand about this precious material and its cycle. Hydrological cycle refers to the chain of processes through which water moves from different forms (ice, water and water vapor) and different reservoirs (oceans, rivers, glaciers) etc. , while its amount remains more or less constant between different forms and reservoirs. About 97% of Earth’s water is in Oceans which covers more than 70% of Earths surface. About 2% is locked in polar icecaps and glaciers and remaining less than 1% is distributed between water vapors, ground water, rivers and lakes. The process of evaporation moves water from oceans into the atmosphere as water vapor, approximately 75% of which rains back into the oceans and thus hydrological water cycle is complete for the 75% of the water vapors. Remaining 25% rains on the ground and thus the water cycle gets is prolonged. Because, the water falling on ground is distributed among ground water, river water, glaciers, lakes etc. In subsequent paragraphs we will discuss briefly about these reservoirs. Ground Water About 98. 5% of fresh waters stay beneath the ground in the pores, in the form of Ground water and soil moisture. Beneath the ground, there is a region where all the pores are filled completely with water. This region is called saturated zone. Above this zone and up to the Earth’s surface there exists unsaturated zone or a zone where the pores are partially filled with water and air. The amount of rainwater that can be absorbed as ground water depends on the nature of the soil i. e. how porous or dense it is. While porous soil absorbs more of rainwater, the dense rocks and soil absorb less of it and let remaining flow as rivers. The water table refers to the level which demarcates the saturated and unsaturated zones. The water table is not having a flat profile rather it is having a profile of its own. Therefore, water is not stationery in saturated zone; rather it flows under pressure head. The water bearing underground regions where water can flow is known as Aquifers. The flow rate of water through an Aquifer depends on hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and the hydraulic head. The aquifers are of two types – unconstrained and constrained. In unconstrained aquifer, the sediment over the water table is permeable and allows recharge of aquifer. In confined aquifer, the aquifer is confined between impermeable rocks. In such aquifers recharge is not from directly above rather the recharge zone is in the unconfined region at a higher elevation. In such aquifers, we have Artesian wells and Artesian springs. Streams are flowing surface water like rivers. They receive water from rains as well as from melting of glacier and transport the same into oceans or sometimes into large lakes. The stream speed depends on stream gradient, stream discharge and channel geometry. The stream gradient is largest near the head and here the channel shape is generally V-shaped and stream speed is very high. As the stream proceeds towards moth, the stream gradient decreases and therefore, stream speed also decreases and the channel geometry becomes wide and shallow. Drainage basin refers to a network of streams which receives all the rain water in that geographical region and carries it to the oceans. Glaciers are large masses of ice, which move under their own weight due to plastic deformation as well as melting of ice under pressure. A glacier accumulates during winter and it ablates into water by moving down to warmer elevations, where it melts. Glaciers are the origin of the famous river basins which have water through out the year. The oceans are the largest water mass having more than 97% of water on the Earth. The average depth of oceans is 3800 meters much larger than the average height of the mainland (~800) above the mean sea level. The boundary between the continents and the oceans is called Continental margin. This consists of continental shelf (the submerged portion of the margin) and continental slope and a continental rise. Waves are produced in oceans due to the wind and these waves superimpose with each other and create different patterns.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Assessment methods, their merits and demerits Essay Example for Free
Assessment methods, their merits and demerits Essay Mainly, three types of assessments are in practice, initial, formative and summative assessment. Initial assessment can be a formal or informal process of identifying each learner’s strengths and help them to understand their areas of development, and the setting action plan accordingly. In formative assessment, teacher or assessor monitor students learning performance during the learning time against a set criteria. Students struggling areas are identified by feedback records and action plan for teachers to adopt teaching strategies and student to motivate for more study is adjusted. In Summative assessment, teacher evaluates the learner’s performance at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against a standard and other students’ performance. Summative assessments are high stakes or high point values and include: a)Written exams b)Quizzes c)Dissertations and projects d)Instead of comparing the advantages and disadvantages of these assessment types, I would prefer to discuss assessment instruments I used in these assessments and talk about their merits and demerits. Assessment typeStrengthLimitations 1.Written exams 1. Good tool to assess students’ knowledge without guessing. 2. It forces student to think and articulate that thinking. 3. Take less time to create test as compared to MCQ where assessor has to make more choices and student will choose one. 4. Teacher can provide better feedback on answers. 1. These tests needs language skills with and ESL students can’t demonstrate their capabilities. 2. These tests are time bounds and a slow writing student may not able to show his full knowledge. 3. Performance in these test based on memorizing facts instead of showing creativity. Assessment typeStrengthLimitations 2.Oral Exams1. This format decreases miscommunication and misunderstanding while questioning or answering. 2. Student doesn’t need to follow any set lines for answer. 3. Give more chances to examiner to ask how student came to this answer. 4. More assessors can take part in this format. 5. More areas can be covered in less time. 1. Could be biased and less fair result oriented. 2. Requires a trained examiner to set such format which cost more. 3. Shy students can be distracted by other factors and c\they may not give their fullest. Assessment typeStrengthLimitations 3. Portfolios1. Assess and promote critical thinking. 2. Give opportunity learner to be self-directed, active, peer -supported and independent. 3. More than one assessor validates the performance. 4.Promotes creativity and problem solving 5. can be used to assess professional and personal development.1. Difficult to identify whether this is student’s own effort or somebody else’s. 2. Involve large amount of paper work which gives less time to focus on course. 3. Reliability issues. 4. Student can easily hide their weaknesses in this type of assessment. Assessment typeStrengthLimitations 4. Projects and dissertations1. All round ability testing i.e practical, analytical and interpretative skills. 2. Teaches students time management and if in group then teaches leadership and team work skills. 3. Increase motivation to complete task quickly and in time.1. Making of such format assessment is hectic and time consuming. 2. Validity and reliability of assessment is not high as compared to other formats. 3. If resources not available to learning, performance will be compromised. In my teaching career, I have gone through all above mentioned assessment tools and found written exams are widely used in many parts of world. People love written exams because they pile up work and when exam is near, they memorize it and ready for exam, no creative work during the term just collecting the notes. Trend is slightly changing in the world and other assessment tools are in practice, mostly university are assessing courses by assignments, project and dissertations and these formats require continuous study and work that’s develop students other skills along with the completion of these tasks.
Adult Education During The Industrial Revolution History Essay
Adult Education During The Industrial Revolution History Essay The purpose of this paper is to highlight five influential factors that contributed to the development of adult education in the United States during the Industrial Revolution. Discussion will begin with the American Model of University Extension including the concepts developed by William Harper and Charles Van Hise, and the role they played in the development of extension education. Next in discussion will be womens rights highlighting a few female role models and their contribution to the push for womens freedoms and education. Education for work, details the demand for education as America shifted from the Antebellum era into the fast pace era of the Industrial age, followed by a discussion on how the U.S. Department of Agriculture campaigned to improve agriculture in the south. This paper will conclude with African American Adults and how after becoming freed slaves they began the journey of education. American Model of University Extension According to Stubblefield and Keane (1994), in 1887 Herbert Baxter Adams, professor of history at Johns Hopkins University, gave a speech at the convention of the American Library Association that inspired the creation of the American lecture programs. The American lecture programs were modeled after the English University extension program. Moreover in 1891, the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching held a conference to promote extension activities which led to the private and state universities involvement in extension. Furthermore, in 1885 the University of Wisconsin developed the farmers institute. In 1892 William Rainey Harper, the president of the University of Chicago, implemented correspondence classes and off-campus courses to further the development of extension education. In addition, in the beginning of the twentieth century, academic scholars worked to promote extension services with the belief that knowledge was essential to progress. In 1915, Charle s Van Hise, president of the University of Wisconsin, created the concept of combining culture, vocation and research information to be the major focus of the extension services. Further, he believed it was the duty of the extension services to inform and educate everyone in the country (Stubblefield and Keane, 1994). Womens Rights The Industrial Revolution was the beginning for womens independence which changed the lives of women when factories began to hire women. Women were often paid less than men but were expected to perform the same type of work (Tilly, 1994). The reasons factory owners preferred women to men workers was because of the pay and labor. Valenze (1995) stated, Factory owners preference for female labor was based not only on its cheapness: many women assumed the yoke of hard labor in the factories without complaint, and this fostered the widespread opinion that female workers were more docile, and therefore less likely to cause trouble than men. Because of women fighting for rights and receiving them, in 1893 there was a week-long celebration of the World Congress of Representative Women at the Chicago World Fair which attracted almost 150,000 people (Stubblefield and Keane, 1994). Some women contributed to improving situations for the working class. Role models such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Elizabeth Blackwell, who were all well-known for their involvement in the womens rights movement, opened the doors of opportunity in education and occupation for women of today. Without their perseverance women could still possibly be extremely limited in career opportunities and unable to do the things that they take pleasure in and benefit from. Education for Work Transitions from the Antebellum Era to the Industrial era brought on new challenges in more ways than economics, technology, and farming; the need for educational changes was taken place as well. During the Industrial era manufacturing was at a high with new innovations such as textile plants, therefore vocational education was on the rise. Vocational education was a shift from a reliance on natural resources to a reliance on human resources and the skilled workforce (Stubblefield and Keane, 1994). In 1917 the Hughes Act backed the idea that industrial education should be taught in public schools along with home economics and several courses geared towards the changing era. An increase in student participation in the classroom rose from 86 % in 1919 to 92% within five years. Adults also sought out training through private trade schools and apprenticeships studies. Adults who were unable to attend were often offered education via correspondence study. The largest and most well known c orrespondence school was located in Scranton Pennsylvania which enrolled over two million students between 1892 and 1920 (Stubblefield and Keane, 1994). Despite the setback of some schools trying to exploit their students to gain a buck, employers who had established apprenticeship programs also taught their students the value, integrity and or hard work. Agriculture The Department of Agriculture provided an institute method of teaching by offering lectures and farming classes to the local farmers. While the institute method of teaching covered a lot of material there was no sure way to determine if the knowledge received from the farmers was actually going to be implemented in their every day farming techniques (Stubblefield and Keane, 1994). Not only was it rooted in the survival of the population, agriculture was also an essential source of raw materials for the textile business. In 1887, the federal government made the experiment station a national institution through the Hatch Act, which granted each state $15,000 per year to assist in the aid of agricultural education. By 1900, the adult farming school was accepted as part of the education of rural adults. In 1902, Seaman Knapp, a special agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), was in charge of the campaign to improve agriculture in the south and he set up a local farmer for su ccess by using his farm as a demonstration point on the effects of agricultural education has on farming (Stubblefield and Keane, 1994). In doing so he eased the minds of the hesitant farmers and opened their eyes to new farming methods which reassured them that innovation was a positive thing. In 1904, Knapp accepted African Americans as demonstrators and cooperators of farming, and in 1906, he teamed up with the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama (Stubblefield and Keane, 1994). Wool and cotton production for the making of cloth increased each year, as well as the yield of food crops. Marketing and production provided enough food to continue an adequate work force. African American Adults Post Civil War left the country in disarray and a lot of uncertainty when it came to the issue of slaves making the transition over to freedom. There was not a plan for changeover which left a lot of free blacks without jobs and an education. In 1865, the Freedmens Bureau began a reshaping by General Howard to better suit the educational needs of freed slaves. The bureau selected several groups and societies to begin educational development; the American Missionary Association focused on assisting blacks in their transition from slaves to free people. The Missionary established schools that were dedicated solely to the educational development of blacks where they also began training blacks to be educators themselves. The intent was to produce enough qualified teachers who would educate other freed blacks. The end state was to hopefully encourage blacks to pursue careers to be lawyers, teachers, doctors, or preachers (The American Missionary Association, n.d.). Even though the Freedme ns Bureau was disbanded in 1872 and blacks were on their own so to speak, the education that blacks received for that seven year span was instrumental in the continued drive for higher education. Just as the rest of the country was adapting to the new industrial methods, farmers overcame the corporate domination with the help of the Grange and Farmers Alliances. Women took a stand for what they believed was right, and freed slaves were receiving an education to help in their transition. The purpose of this paper was to highlight five influential factors that contributed to the development of adult education in the United States during the Industrial Revolution. They were the American Model of University womens rights, education for work, agriculture and African American Adults.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Accepting Responsibility for the Behavior Towards Eva Smith :: An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley Essays
Accepting Responsibility for the Behavior Towards Eva Smith Although each member of the Birling family and Gerald Croft have had contact with Eva Smith/Daisy Renton during the previous two years, none of them is aware of the others ´ involvement in the tragedy until the day of the Inspector's visit. He makes them aware of the part they have played in her tragic end. The characters each react differently to the news and to the degree of responsibility which they should bear, Therefore I think the Inspector Call has caused the character to think about their actions towards Eva Smith. ERIC Eric is a young man, a bit of mess. His behaviour before the Inspector arrives is described as thoughtless, careless and immature. He has no personality, this is evident on page 2 "not quite as ease, half shy, half assertive". Her sister, Sheila, soon describes him as "squiffy" on page 3 which demonstrates he tends to drink a bit too much. But he shows he has a certain respect when he is speaking with his father, this is illustrated on page 4 "not too rudely". Despite his carelessness, after the Inspector arrives, Eric shows involuntary sympathy for Eva Smith when he learn about her death and how Mr Birling had lay her off. This is manifested on page 11 "(involuntarily) My God !"This tells me he is sorrowful for her. When Eric has to admit how he behaved towards Eva Smith/Daisy Renton, he has a stronger sense of guilt, but that does not excuse his behaviour because the consequences are much worse. Although not entirely to blame for her suicide, he must take much of the responsibility because he used her. He was drunk, and confessed that it happened because he was not conscious, but he feels terribly sorry for her, this is clearly showed on page 52 when he is trying to justify himself "well, I was in that state when a chap easily turns nasty" However, he did not rape her; she was offering her services as a prostitute. Also, she could have married him. It was her choice not to. He tried to help her financially but she refused to accept any more stolen money. Maybe Eva/Daisy was too honourable. Nevertheless Eric deeply regret what he did, this is illustrated on page 52 " That's the hellish thing. Oh - my God! - how stupid it all is!" This tells me he wanted to remember exactly what happened, and the fact that he can not, makes him feels angry and more guilty. As a last resort, Eva turns to the Brumley Women's Charity Organisation for help.
Monday, August 19, 2019
cinderella Essay -- essays research papers
Cinderella: Once Upon A Time The story of Cinderella has appealed to a number of audiences since its earliest dated version in A.D. 850. Even with the extensive selection of fairy tales in existence, "Cinderella" is undoubtedly the best known in the world, with over 700 versions of this story available. However, this popularity is not limited strictly to literature, for the Cinderella theme is also seen in many movie productions. Two movies, Walt Disney's Cinderella and Andy Tennant's Ever After: A Cinderella Story, are of particular interest. These films share many similarities, both in the screenplay and in the visual effects, but a vast difference exists between the two. Though both teach that goodness will ultimately triumph over evil and villainy, Ever After's depiction of the characters presents a better moral lesson for our society by showing that independence and intelligence are just as important as goodness. Throughout history, as evidenced by Perault and the Grimm Brothers, Cinderella has typically been portrayed as the girl who obeys without complaining. She is characterized to be a perfect woman, both in purity and in beauty. All stories are somewhat influenced by the times in which they are written, and "Cinderella" is no exception. In fact, the date in which Disney's Cinderella was released, 1950, most likely played a significant role in this particular Cinderella's success. After the years of poverty and struggle of the Great Depression and World War II, America wanted a change. Instead of being reminded of the past, this generation wanted to look toward the future as a time of happiness, success, and stability. Cinderella gave them this chance. Its ideals are simple and follow the morality themes of ordinary fairy tales: if one is pure and follows his or her conscience, one's dreams will come true. Disney adheres to the typical portrayal of Cinderella as the perfect woma n. In the Disney movie, she is young, innocent, and pure. More importantly, she plays a sweet, innocent girl with whom no one can find a fault. She accepts her circumstances, and makes the best of them, no matter how dire and unfavorable. Though she is a servant in her own home, with her stepfamily ordering her about, her only response to this abuse is, "I know it isn't easy maciej mikula, but we should at least try and get along together." Cin... ...r more than she needs him, though the outward appearance may seem otherwise. This is more evidence of the independence people in the 21st century encourage in both women and men. Walt Disney's Cinderella and Andy Tennant's Ever After are both based on the original Cinderella stories. However, because both of them were released in very different times, many differences mark the two versions, though they keep many of the key elements that appeal to such a wide audience over the centuries. In both stories, Cinderella is a beautiful, young lady with a kind heart. Ever After, however, adds intelligence and courage to these qualities. Leading into the 21st century, these additions make Cinderella a much more modern and appealing role model for both the female and male audiences. Cinderella triumphs over her evil stepfamily in Ever After by playing an active role in receiving her freedom and by demonstrating to the viewer that knowledge is just as important a trait as goodness. Even tho ugh Cinderella and her prince live "happily ever after" in both Disney and Tennant's depictions, how each girl got to the point of this ever-famous phrase has dramatically changed with the times.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Coca Colas Human Resources Essay -- GCSE Business Personnel Coursewor
I need to produce an analytical report on how a medium-sized or large business manages human resources. I should show the importance of the human resources management to the business, providing a comprehensive overview of all four of the following functions and focussing in depth on one of the functions: * Human resources planning * Recruitment and selection * Training and development * Performance management I am going to relate my human resource coursework to UK Coca Cola London-Edmonton branch and explain in depth how human resource is managed there. A Little History about Coca Cola Coca Cola was invented on 8th May 1886 by Dr John S Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia – USA. The name Coca Cola was suggested by Dr Pemberton’s bookkeeper, Frank Robinson. He penned the name Coca Cola in the flowing script that is famous today. Coca Cola was first sold at the soda fountain in Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta. During the first year, sales of Coca Cola averaged nine drinks a day, adding up to total sales for that year of  £50. Today, products of the Coca Cola Company are consumed at the rate of more than one billion drinks per day in around 200 countries. Human Resource management is workers within a team that contributes towards the business's objectives. Human Resources Management department incorporates the Personnel department functions and develops them. The role of HRM is to enable workers to contribute to their maximum efficiency towards the objectives of the business. Human Resource management is needed for every business small or large and it is so resourceful to have a human resource department in the business which will make the employees to achieve company objectives on time well organised. Human Resource is mainly about how employees get managed in the business, main parts of human resource are recruitment and selection, performance management and finally training and development. The business should not do mistakes in recruiting and selecting a wrong new employee because that can result with reputation of company going down, company’s money and time are being wasted plus stock losses or sale level going down. For these reasons the human resource department should choose the right person who can offer the right skills to help the team of workers to meet the company objectives. When setting up the busine... ...d self-fulfilment. Payment is usually linked with motivation where it is related with performance. An extreme case is piece-work where there is no basic pay and payment is totally based on output. Home-workers in the rag trade or casual agricultural workers such as fruit-pickers are often paid in this way and also in several poor countries managers sometime delay wages time because of less outcome. More usually, basic pay is supplemented by performance-related pay in the form of a bonus or commission for excellent results. In general it has become accepted that, although a workforce that is not motivated will work, the quality and efficiency of work improves with motivation. It is therefore the role of human resources management to understand what motivates employees. Over the years numbers of management theories have been put forward in an attempt to explain the nature of motivation and suggest ways in which it may be improved. In Coca Cola factory which is in Edmonton-London pay is the main motivator and second motivator is increasing experienced worker responsibility so the worker learns new skills and the job becomes more interesting for him or her.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Parenting Styles and Abilites Essay
Families come in many different forms. Back in the 1950’s/60’s most families compromised of a father, a mother and at least one child, this is known as a nuclear family structure. In the past few decades though divorce rates rose which has caused a rise in reconstituted families for example step families, parents now work longer hours which has seen more children being raised by extended family members eg: grandparents and new changes in law has seen same sex marriages become legal. Within my placements many of the young people using the service have ended up in their situation due to family breakdowns. Many of the families live off benefits or on the poverty line and are battling with addictions to alcohol or drugs or are suffering from depression. This has a knock on affect to the young people I feel as they are therefore expected to grow up quicker in order to look after themselves or any other children that may be in the house. Also from what I have seen most of the young people do not seem to have any ambition or hopes for a better life and many get involved in the same kind of lifestyle that they have been used to all of their lives. This would agree with Bandura’s Social Learning Theory where people copy behaviours from their peers. In regards to the above Labour and Liberal Democrats have been campaigning for same sex families to have the right to adopt. Years ago this would have been frowned upon, but because same sex couples are now more ‘accepted ‘ in society I believe if they have the best intentions for the child then why shouldn’t they be allowed to raise their own families. Functionalists would not agree with this the same as they do not agree with single parent families as they believe in the nuclear family for reproduction, primary socialisation and economic support. I feel the young people that I work with have come from uninvolved parenting backgrounds. Many of them have been in trouble with the law and have never really been told right from wrong. Another reason for some of the young peoples behaviour is survival methods as they have been brought up to fend for themselves. Other parenting styles are indulgent, authoritarian and authoritative. Indulgent also known as permissive parenting normally means the parent/s are very involved in the child’s life and interests but does not believe in discipline. This results in many of the kids growing up to believe that they can do as they please and know no boundaries. Communication style would be very passive. The parent can come across very apologetic, at a loss for words, weak, hurt and anxious. Authoritarian parenting is mainly ensuring the child has strict guidelines and rules to follow and very much believes in discipline. This way of parenting normally results in the child growing up to be unhappy and in some cases they rebel against the control that they have been brought by. The parents way of communicating with the child would be very aggressive and commanding, loaded words and questions, putting the blame on the child, sarcastic and loud with a cold front. Finally there is authoritative parenting which is probably made up by most of the population. This kind of parenting shows an interest in the child but also teaches the child right from wrong. Children brought up in this kind of environment grow up happy and enthusiastic to achieve. Communication methods for this kind of parenting would be assertive. Ensuring point gets across, statements of wants and needs, caring and confident. Within the care sector in the UK it is likely you will come across all of the family styles mentioned above. In many other countries parenting styles will not play such an important part in the childs life. Children from as young as five years of age are sent out to work by their families in order to make a living, and in some cases the children do not have a choice as they have lost their family members to different environmental disasters, diseases etc. These societal issues play more of a part in the way the children grow up as they know they have no choice but to go out to work in order to survive. Recent TV progammes have followed families that live in slums in India. The whole family goes out to work long hours everyday rummaging through rubbish to see what can be recycled, the children do not always get to attend school as it is too expensive. At the end of the day the whole family sit, make and eat dinner together. Family values play a huge part in their lives and the sense of community is great, I feel this is more important as the family all seem to appreciate each other more and don’t take things for granted. In the UK parents are now having to work longer and longer hours therefore spending more time away from home, but unfortunately as in India where this seems to bring the family and community loser together it seems to be having the reverse affect here causing families to seperate and communities to be divided. I personally come from a very big close family so family is very important to me. I believe that if the young people that I worked with had close relationships with their parents then their outlook on life could have been very different. I think within the social care sector I could find this very difficult to deal with seeing how some families treat their children and are very uninvolved in their upbringing. Obviously the most important thing is ensuring the safety of the family especially the children, this would mean having to learn to accept different families styles of parenting whether I agreed with them or not as long as there were no signs of danger and ensuring the children were not put at risk in anyway. I know this is something I could struggle with but that I could not let interfere with the way my work was carried out with the family and have to accept that all families are different and live by different values.
Friday, August 16, 2019
“Of Mice and Men†is chiefly concerned with imprisonment and repression Essay
How does Steinbeck present such themes within the novella? All of the characters within Steinbeck’s â€Å"Of Mice and Men†have a dream, yet this dream is unobtainable because they are trapped, inside the ranch and inside themselves. They cannot break out because of their lifestyle and their need for work and money. Lennie and George dream of having their own ranch and â€Å"live off the fatta the lan'†yet they hold each other back. George represses Lennie, he has become like a father to him but will not let Lennie grow up, Lennie cannot talk without George’s permission. â€Å"What are you gonna say tomorrow when the boss asks you questions?†Lennie, however, realises that George cares for him and he has learnt to manipulate George, â€Å"If you don’t want me you only jus’ got to say so, and I’ll go off into those hills right there.†Lennie makes George guilty, so that George feels that he has to stay with him. Neither will let each other go, as neither knows about life without them. George and Lennie travelling together is unusual â€Å"Ain’t many guys travel around together†and this means that they are left as outsiders. Other workers turn up alone so have to fit into ranch life and into the group but as George and Lennie are together, they become unapproachable, as other workers are confused about their friendship. After leaving Weed George and Lennie believe that they have escaped from their problems however whilst Lennie is there they can never truly escape their problems as they will just follow them from place to place The marginalised characters are repressed, because of their age, sex, or race. Curley’s wife has no name; she is just the stereotypical woman. Candy’s dog also has no name and the two are on the same level on the ranch. Being married to Curley, she has given up her right to freedom, as at the time women were just expected to be a good wife â€Å"ain’t I got a right to talk to nobody?†Curley’s wife has dreams, like the others which she can never achieve â€Å"Coulda been in the movies an’ had nice clothes†. She is trapped in the ranch she could leave but would not be able to support herself, as all she has is Curley. Curley, whilst he seems like he is in control of his life, is imprisoned within his personality. Curley is the Boss’ son and feels that he must live up to the Boss’ reputation and be an unofficial leader for the ranch workers, the fact that Slim seems to have taken this role angers him. He is married and uses this to his advantage, he has something that the others do not have and uses this to intimidate the others and show off, â€Å"seems like Curley is cockier than ever since he got married.†However, Curley cannot control his wife and is paranoid that she may be seeing another worker, he is looking for her throughout the text, he knows her flirtatious nature and suspects others of being with his wife. It is pointed out by others that Curley is â€Å"like a lot of other little guys. He hates big guys†he feels that has to prove himself, just because he is mall does not’ mean that he isn’t’ strong. Curley likes to be in control and make others fear him and this holds him back, if he behaved like any of the ranch workers then it is likely that he would be accepted but he cannot change himself now. At the time of the novella, black people were discriminated against and Crooks is an example of this. He is left to live alone and we rarely see him. If Lennie had not gone into his room and spoken to him then we would have never met Crooks or learnt about him. He is never given a chance to speak or voice his opinion. The majority of the ranch workers were involved with the discussion about Candy’s dog but Crooks being in another room was never involved. Crooks knows being black is the reason for his isolation â€Å"Cause I’m black†but he can’t leave the ranch because he is crippled so he is imprisoned somewhere he is ignored. On a ranch where working is all there is to do Candy finds life difficult. He is the eldest and this prevents him from working and socialising. When the others are playing horseshoes Candy is not, he is talking with the other outsiders, George and Lennie, in the barn. Candy is not given chance to think or consider suggestions, during the conversation about his dog he seemed pressured into the decision. Carlson is speaking at him rather than to him and he is given very little time to form a counter argument. The town where the ranch is situated is called Soledad, which means, in Spanish, loneliness or secluded. George and Lennie have to walk miles to reach the ranch, suggesting that it is isolated. Once on the ranch workers are stuck doing the same monotonous tasks daily. Whilst workers could escape from that particular ranch, it would only be to find another. Because of the Depression, workers were stuck travelling from place to place in search of work and once they had found one place, some were reluctant to move on for fear of not being able to find any more work. Migrant workers were very low down in the social hierarchy and found it difficult to break out, as they needed the money. Steinbeck presents themes of imprisonment and repression well, with many ideas not apparent on the first read. His novella is a look at life in 1930s America and he manages to show how life was for many different types of people and shows how everyone was trapped in some way.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Despite Atwood’s portrayal of Gilead as soulless and destructive she has nevertheless succeeded in giving the reader a sense of optimism
‘The Handmaid's Tale' is set in the futuristic republic of Gilead. Everybody has somebody controlling what they do and only a minority have control over other people. In the first chapter alone we learn of the system of control within the Handmaids' residence. There are the angels, who are responsible for the Aunts, who have responsibility for the handmaids, i. e. the narrator. This system has the sole purpose, reproduction: â€Å"we are for breeding purposes†¦ There is supposed to be nothing entertaining about us, no room is to be permitted for the flowering of secret lusts†¦ We are two-legged wombs, that's all: sacred vessels, ambulatory chalices. †The narrator of takes on a role based on the Biblical story of Jacob's wives; when they failed to conceive, he fathered children by their handmaids. In a world in which the fertility of both sexes has dropped dramatically, it is the role for which young women who have demonstrated their ability to bear children are destined, rather to the chagrin of the Wives who have to house them. For this regime to function effectively it is important that a high level of control is exerted and more essentially, that the people within the regime understand there purpose. They are not there to build relationships, they are there for reproduction and any other aspect of life is irrelevant. Ironically the regime is developed for sex yet any attributes you would normally apply to a sexual relationship have been removed. There is no conversation, no intimacy, no pleasure or appreciation of yourself or your partner; in fact there is no relationship with your partner or anyone else. Physical contact must be kept to what is necessary and the act of sex itself is simply necessary for reproduction. For the regime to work there can be no feelings. To prevent feelings developing within people towards others Gilead works to remove anything that makes the person unique, this is why the regime has been described as â€Å"soulless†as by taking away peoples' personalities you are practically taking away their soul. This is similar to the system in Aldous Huxley's â€Å"Brave New World†where the concept of love has been destroyed. The idea of falling in love with someone has been made almost impossible, as there is no opportunity for this to happen, everybody been made as soulless as possible. There must be no character, individuality or expression of self to avoid people getting into any form of relationship. The women are literally branded with numbers a code that ties them to the regime. They are made to wear uniforms (in describing the uniforms Atwood appears to me making a link to the similarity to the German and Canadian prisoners of war uniforms from World War Two) and are renamed in attempt to completely depersonalise them. They are treated as cattle, as a group with no thought of their own. This leaves the reader questioning their interpretation of the narrator, we sometimes see her as an individual taking minor rebellion against the regime, and yet at other times we see her as one of many that are all in the same helpless situation. The high level of control they hold over their people enhances Gilead's destructive manner. Even the narrator's name â€Å"Offred†has been composed by the regime. The novel explains this unusual noun as being a word â€Å"that is composed of the possessive preposition and the first name of the name of the gentlemen in question. †However most readers pick up on the play on the word â€Å"offered†she is offered around the gentlemen in society. No individual or group is strong enough to overthrow the regime and this is the focal point of the regime's strength. They can enforce and law no matter how unjust because there is no one strong enough to oppose it. However at no point is the reader led to believe that the narrator has given up hope and that there is no purpose for her anymore. This is of a conscious effort by Atwood to create a positive perspective of the situation through her narrative technique, imagery and by surrounding the character with situations where they could potentially rebel. The harsh regime of Gilead is emphasised by Atwood offering the reader a comparison of the narrator's current situation and her previous one, it has been suggested that this is Atwood supporting the theory that fear causes regression, not progression. These comparisons are possible because of the flashback technique that occurs throughout the novel. For example, Offred contrasts the way she used to think about her body to the way she thinks about it now: ‘I used to thin of my body as an instrument, of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplish of my will †¦ now the flesh arranges itself differently. I'm a cloud, congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear, which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping. Where as in the story, Offred uses the flashbacks as a way of escaping, a more practical level Atwood uses them to reveal to the reader the reasons behind the current situation and how the novel possibly relates to our lives. One critic commented, â€Å"1the essential element of a cautionary tale is recognition†. The reader is very aware that Offred once lived a life similar to their own, this heightens their compassion towards the handmaid's and in some ways the novel acts as a warning, for what could potentially occur in our own future. By allowing us to see Offred's past and compare it with the life she has been forced to live now it is obvious how much destruction the regime has caused. For the novel to progress it is essential Atwood creates optimism, because Offred herself has to say positive in order to cope with the situations, she cannot give up therefore Atwood cannot let the reader think she has given up. Minor acts of rebellion are ways of showing the reader that the system has flaws, there is a gap and if Offered works hard enough she can get through the gaps in the system. For example, no communication is meant to happen between the handmaids and yet Offred and Moira find a way of talking through a hole in the wall, which poses as a hole in the system. However, Atwood creates the feeling of empowerment and hope through these rebellions but she never goes as far as to say there definitely is hope. It is possible that Offred is aware than any act of rebellion is simply a coping tactic and the regime will not fall, she will leave eventually and the regime will go on unshaken. Offred's relationship with the commander acts as â€Å"something else to think about†, as the reader we do not dwell on the state of the society as we are now concerned with the relationship Offred is forming, of course this is due to the narrative style of the novel, we are guided towards thinking about Offred and the commander because that is what Offred is thinking about and we are reading her thoughts, in the form of a dialogue to her audience. However it is ambiguous as the whether the commander forms an attachment with many of his handmaids, so Offred's relationship with Nick is far more pivotal to her story as it is as close as she could have to the sort of relationship she could have formed before the regime, the sort that she had with her husband Luke. The risk she eventually takes with him we know could be the end of her but at the time it's a chance for a better standard of life, of course again this could be perceived as Offred falling under the control of Gilead's regime by going out of her way to have a child and conforming to their rules. Gilead's destructive power is emphasised by showing the extremes it will force people to go to, to succumb to their demands. An essential part to the regime is the fact that everyone is a victim; everybody has had to sacrifice something and give up part of their old life. Even those that still have a small amount of control have given up more than they have gained. Serena Joy is portrayed as a malicious character by Offred, yet she has lost her relationship with her husband, she has no contact with anyone and has to live in a regime that has her husband sleeping with many different women. Atwood uses process and reconstruction when writing and the reader is often reminded that â€Å"truth†is only a matter of the teller's perspective. If the reader is never sure of the true details then they are allowed to picture the worst possible situations, and the best. Time shifts and short scenes add to the ambiguity of the story and the reader may question how factually based the story actually is and how true to life Offred's description of other characters are. Moira is a classic example, it could be she was never as strong or rebellious as Offred claimed she was, she was maybe a role model for Offred and her character was exaggerated because Offred need her role model to be strong. However it is not only the reader that is unsure of the truth, Offred has very little facts at her disposal. The only time the handmaid's are educated is when they are listening to the Bible being read or watching the â€Å"news. †In the same way the Ministry of Truth created the news in George Orwell's â€Å"1984†there is suggestion the news the handmaids are shown is fabricated. By acknowledging this fact Offred has rebelled against the regime. However she also accepts that â€Å"any news is better than none†and she simply has to believe the news because there is nothing else to go by. It is the only source of knowledge. Gilead's controls are so tight she is forced to believe what she hears. This too is similar to â€Å"1984†and the concept created by George Orwell of doublethink which is to acknowledge two conflicting truths at once. Offred accepts the news is probably false and yet she also believes it is true because she has to. This is similar to the relationship between the reader and the narrator; we accept that what here cannot be entirely true yet we have to believe it. Offred herself does not know what has happened to her daughter or her husband therefore she is able to cling on to the hope that they are alive, as it has not been confirmed otherwise. The reader does the same with Offred's existence at the end of the novel, we hope she is alive and the ambiguity of the ending allows us to do so. Quite often in the novel Atwood creates a sense of hope later to take it away again, or create optimism with an underlying tone of doubt. When Offred discovers the note in the cupboard â€Å"nolite te bastardes carborundorum†she is filled with hope, reading it as a message left for her by the last person that lived here, she is reading which she is not allowed to do as language has been abolished and this all adds to the positive feeling of going against the regime. However Offred then builds up the message to by more significant than it is and is let down when the commander translates it as â€Å"don't let the bastards grind you down. At the end, we discover that Offred's story was not founding the form of a manuscript but as a recording on a cassette player. This is confusing for the reader as the strict structure of the regime would not have made it possible to have access to a cassette player. One suggestion is that Offred did escape and managed to record her story at a later point. However even if Offred had been writing this would have been a constant form of rebellion, as language had been abolished. It has been suggested that Offred's storytelling is an act of resistance to Gilead, just as her tale itself is an act of resistance to masculinist fiction conventions, including that archetypal patriarchal text, the Old Testament. In many ways the historical notes are more essential to the meaning of the novel than Offred's story. On a positive note, the historical notes assure the reader that the regime of Gilead was overthrown and society returned to normal, Offred's story has been found in the form of cassette recordings, this suggests she did escaped and managed to get her writing on to tape. However, Offred's story is found but it is not heard or understood. Male historians have tried to impose their perception of it on to it and created a title for it. The regime has apparently not changed their sexist attitudes, history has taught them nothing. The professors are abusing Offred as Gilead did by removing her authority from the telling of her own story, they seem more worried at the fact there is nothing more about the Commander and his true identity. Ironically he does just what Offred predicts would happen to the story of the Handmaid's â€Å"from the point of view of future history, we'll be invisible. The modern day historians have depersonailised her just as much as the regime did by taking away her voice and forcing reader is brought into a second vision of the future and is forced to judge what they have just read. Atwood's historical notes satirise American society as it stands today, where as Gilead is based on an international range of models, which include not only historical examples but contemporary political carnage in Iran, Latin America and more recently Iraq and Afghanistan. Denay Nunavit†(deny none of it) seems to be Atwood's message out of the past to the future, giving the reader a sense of shared moral responsibility for our own futures. This is effective as the pre Gilead society is very similar to our own society today. The novel was first published in 1986 â€Å"the age of the R – strain syphilis and Aids epidemic†Aids had just being brought to the publics attention and there was a massive campaign to prevent it's spread. A second reason we are given for the need of a society such as Gilead was â€Å"various nuclear power plant accidents†¦ hemical and biological warfare, stock piles and toxic waste disposal sites†all readers will recognise these issues and can map them on to real life incidents such as Chernobyl. Similarly to â€Å"1984,†Atwood's novel seems to be an extension of real fears her audience would have had. This was noted by one reader who commented that: â€Å"what is especially meaningful is the fact that the book was published in the 80's, long before many of the concepts were as relevant as they are now. 2 Ironically once the regime has been abolished there is no longer the optimistic tone in Atwood's writing, suggesting that even though Gilead was destructive, the intention of the society was good and there was room for hope, however we can now see that life after Gilead reverted to pre Gilead ways and there has been no progression, development of understanding a nd this is a far more negative situation to be faced because it suggests man will never learn.
Our Environment: the Sum Total of Our Surroundings
I. Our environment is the sum total of our surroundings A photograph of Earth reveals a great deal, but it does not convey the complexity of our environment. Our environment (a term that comes from the French environner, â€Å"to surround†) is more than water, land, and air; it is the sum total of our surroundings. It includes all of the biotic factors, or living things, with which we interact. It also includes the abiotic factors, or nonliving things, with which we interact.Our environment includes the continents, oceans, clouds, and ice caps you can see in the photo of Earth from space, as well as the animals, plants, forests, and farms that comprise the landscapes around us. In a more inclusive sense, it also encompasses our built environment, the structures, urban centers, and living spaces humans have created. In its most inclusive sense, our environment also includes the complex webs of scientific, ethical, political, economic, and social relationships and institutions t hat shape our daily lives.From day to day, people most commonly use the term environment in the first, narrow senseâ€â€of a nonhuman or â€Å"natural†world apart from human society. This connotation is unfortunate, because it masks the very important fact that humans exist within the environment and are a part of nature. As one of many species of animals on Earth, we share with others the same dependence on a healthy functioning planet. The limitations of language make it all too easy to speak of â€Å"people and nature,†or â€Å"human society and the environment,†as though they are separate and do not interact.However, the fundamental insight of environmental science is that we are part of the natural world and that our interactions with other parts of it matter a great deal. II. Environmental science explores interactions between humans and our environment Appreciating how we interact with our environment is crucial for a well-informed view of our place in the world and for a mature awareness that we are one species among many on a planet full of life.Understanding our relationship with the environment is also vital because we are altering the very natural systems we need, in ways we do not yet fully comprehend. We depend utterly on our environment for air, water, food, shelter, and everything else essential for living. However, our actions modify our environment, whether we intend them to or not. Many of these actions have enriched our lives, bringing us longer life spans, better health, and greater material wealth, mobility, and leisure time. However, these improvements have often degraded the natural systems that sustain us.Impacts such as air and water pollution, soil erosion, and species extinction can compromise human well-being, pose risks to human life, and threaten our ability to build a society that will survive and thrive in the long term. The elements of our environment were functioning long before the human species ap peared, and we would be wise to realize that we need to keep these elements in place. Environmental science is the study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us, and how we affect our environment.We need to understand our interactions with our environment because such knowledge is the essential first step toward devising solutions to our most pressing environmental problems. Many environmental scientists are taking this next step, trying to apply their knowledge to develop solutions to the many environmental challenges we face. It can be daunting to reflect on the sheer magnitude of environmental dilemmas that confront us today, but with these problems also come countless opportunities for devising creative solutions.The topics studied by environmental scientists are the most centrally important issues to our world and its future. Right now, global conditions are changing more quickly than ever. Right now, through science, we as a civilization are gaining know ledge more rapidly than ever. And right now, the window of opportunity for acting to solve problems is still open. With such bountiful challenges and opportunities, this particular moment in history is indeed an exciting time to be studying environmental science. III. Natural resources are vital to our survivalAn island by definition is finite and bounded, and its inhabitants must cope with limitations in the materials they need. On our island, Earth, human beings, like all living things, ultimately face environmental constraints. Specifically, there are limits to many of our natural resources, the various substances and energy sources we need to survive. Natural resources that are virtually unlimited or that are replenished over short periods are known as renewable natural resources. Some renewable resources, such as sunlight, wind, and wave energy, are perpetually available.Others, such as timber, food crops, water, and soil, renew themselves over months, years, or decades, if we are careful not to use them up too quickly or destructively. In contrast, resources such as mineral ores and crude oil are in finite supply and are formed much more slowly than we use them. These are known as nonrenewable natural resources. Once we use them up, they are no longer available. We can view the renewability of natural resources as a continuum (Figure 1. 1). Some renewable resources may turn nonrenewable if we overuse them.For example, overpumping groundwater can deplete underground aquifers and turn a lush landscape into a desert. Populations of animals and plants we harvest from the wild may be renewable if we do not overharvest them but may vanish if we do. In recent years, our consumption of natural resources has increased greatly, driven by rising affluence and the growth of the largest human population in history. IV. Human population growth has shaped our relationship with natural resources For nearly all of human history, only a few million people populated Earth at any one time.Although past populations cannot be calculated precisely, Figure 1. 2 gives some idea of just how recently and suddenly our population has grown beyond 6 billion people. Two phenomena triggered remarkable increases in population size. The first was our transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural way of life. This change began to occur around 10,000 years ago and is known as the agricultural revolution. As people began to grow their own crops, raise domestic animals, and live sedentary lives in villages, they found it easier to meet their nutritional needs.As a result, they began to live longer and to produce more children who survived to adulthood. The second notable phenomenon, known as the industrial revolution, began in the mid-1700s. It entailed a shift from rural life, animal-powered agriculture, and manufacturing by craftsmen, to an urban society powered by fossil fuels (nonrenewable energy sources, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, produce d by the decomposition and fossilization of ancient life). The industrial revolution introduced improvements in sanitation and medical technology, and it enhanced agricultural production with fossil-fuel-powered equipment and synthetic fertilizer.Thomas Malthus and population growth    At the outset of the industrial revolution in England, population growth was regarded as a good thing. For parents, high birth rates meant more children to support them in old age. For society, it meant a greater pool of labor for factory work. British economist Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) had a different opinion. Malthus claimed that unless population growth were controlled by laws or other social strictures, the number of people would outgrow the available food supply until starvation, war, or disease arose and reduced the population (Figure 1. ). Malthus’s most influential work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, argued that a growing population would eventually be checked either by limits on births or increases in deaths. If limits on births (such as abstinence and contraception) were not implemented soon enough, Malthus wrote, deaths would increase through famine, plague, and war. Malthus’s thinking was shaped by the rapid urbanization and industrialization he witnessed during the early years of the industrial revolution, but debates over his views continue today.As we will see in Chapter 8 and throughout this book, global population growth has indeed helped spawn famine, disease, and social and political conflict. However, increasing material prosperity has also helped bring down birth ratesâ€â€something Malthus did not foresee. Paul Ehrlich and the â€Å"population bomb†   In our day, biologist Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University has been called a â€Å"neo-Malthusian†because he too has warned that population growth will have disastrous effects on human welfare.In his 1968 book, The Populat ion Bomb, Ehrlich predicted that the rapidly increasing human population would unleash widespread famine and conflict that would consume civilization by the end of the 20th century. Like Malthus, Ehrlich argued that population was growing much faster than our ability to produce and distribute food, and he maintained that population control was the only way to prevent massive starvation and civil strife. Although human population nearly quadrupled in the past 100 yearsâ€â€the fastest it has ever grown (see Figure1. a)â€â€Ehrlich’s predictions have not materialized on the scale he predicted. This is due, in part, to agricultural advances made in recent decades. As a result, Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians have revised their predictions accordingly and now warn of a postponed, but still impending, global crisis. V. Resource consumption exerts social and environmental impacts Population growth affects resource availability and is unquestionably at the root of many envir onmental problems. However, the growth in consumption is also to blame.The industrial revolution enhanced the material affluence of many of the world’s people by considerably increasing our consumption of natural resources and manufactured goods. Garrett Hardin and the â€Å"tragedy of the commons†   The late Garrett Hardin of the University of California, Santa Barbara, disputed the economic theory that unfettered exercise of individual self-interest will serve the public interest. According to Hardin’s best-known essay, â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons,†published in the journal Science in 1968, resources that are open to unregulated exploitation will eventually be depleted.Hardin based his argument on a scenario described in a pamphlet published in 1833. In a public pasture, or â€Å"common,†that is open to unregulated grazing, Hardin argued, each person who grazes animals will be motivated to increase the number of his or her animals in the pasture. Ultimately, overgrazing will cause the pasture’s food production to collapse (Figure 1. 4). Because no single person owns the pasture, no one has incentive to expend effort taking care of it, and everyone takes what he or she can until the resource is depleted.Some have argued that private ownership can address this problem. Others point to cases in which people sharing a common resource have voluntarily organized and cooperated in enforcing its responsible use. Still others maintain that the dilemma justifies government regulation of the use of resources held in common by the public, from forests to clean air to clean water. Weighing the issues:| The Tragedy of the Commons| Imagine you make your living fishing for lobster. You are free to boat anywhere and set out as many traps as you like.Your harvests have been good, and nothing is stopping you from increasing the number of your traps. However, all the other lobster fishers are thinking the same thing, and the fishing grounds are getting crowded. Catches decline year by year, until one year the fishery crashes, leaving you and all the others with catches too meager to support your families. Some of your fellow fishers call for dividing the waters and selling access to individuals plot-by-plot. Others urge the fishers to team up, set quotas among themselves, and prevent newcomers from entering the market.Still others are imploring the government to get involved and pass laws regulating how much fishers can catch. What do you think is the best way to combat this tragedy of the commons and restore the fishery? Why? | Wackernagel, Rees, and the ecological footprint    As global affluence has increased, human society has consumed more and more of the planet’s limited resources. We can quantify resource consumption using the concept of the â€Å"ecological footprint,†developed in the 1990s by environmental scientists Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees.The ecologica l footprint expresses the environmental impact of an individual or population in terms of the cumulative amount of land and water required to provide the raw materials the person or population consumes and to dispose of or recycle the waste the person or population produces (Figure 1. 5). It measures the total amount of Earth’s surface â€Å"used†by a given person or population, once all direct and indirect impacts are totaled up. For humanity as a whole, Wackernagel and Rees have calculated that our species is using 30% more resources than are available on a sustainable basis from all the land on the planet.That is, we are depleting renewable resources 30% faster than they are being replenishedâ€â€like drawing the principal out of a bank account rather than living off the interest. Furthermore, people from wealthy nations have much larger ecological footprints than do people from poorer nations. If all the world’s people consumed resources at the rate of N orth Americans, these researchers concluded, we would need the equivalent of two additional planet Earths. VI.Environmental science can help us avoid mistakes made by past civilizations It remains to be seen whether the direst predictions of Malthus, Ehrlich, and others will come to pass for today’s global society, but we already have historical evidence that civilizations can crumble when pressures from population and consumption overwhelm resource availability. Easter Island is the classic case (see â€Å"The Science behind the Story†), but it is not the only example. Many great civilizations have fallen after depleting resources from their environments, and each has left devastated landscapes in its wake.The Greek and Roman empires show evidence of such a trajectory, as do the Maya, the Anasazi, and other civilizations of the New World. Plato wrote of the deforestation and environmental degradation accompanying ancient Greek cities, and today further evidence is acc umulating from research by archaeologists, historians, and paleoecologists who study past societies and landscapes. The arid deserts of today’s Middle Eastern countries were far more vegetated when the great ancient civilizations thrived there; at that time these regions were lush enough to support the very origin of agriculture.While deforestation created deserts in temperate regions, in more tropical climates, the ancient cities of fallen civilizations became overgrown by jungle. The gigantic stone monuments of the Angkor civilization in Southeast Asia, like those of the Maya in Mexico and Central America, remained unknown to Westerners until the 19th century, and most of these cities remain covered by rainforest. Researchers have learned enough by now, however, that scientist and author Jared Diamond in his 2005 book, Collapse, could synthesize this information and formulate sets of reasons why civilizations succeed and persist, or fail and collapse.Success and persistence , it turns out, depend largely on how societies interact with their environments. I. People vary in their perception of environmental problems Environmental science arose in the latter half of the 20th century as people sought to better understand environmental problems and their origins. An environmental problem, stated simply, is any undesirable change in the environment. However, the perception of what constitutes an undesirable change may vary from one person or group of people to another, or from one context or situation to another.A person’s age, gender, class, race, nationality, employment, and educational background can all affect whether he or she considers a given environmental change to be a â€Å"problem. †   For instance, today’s industrial societies are more likely to view the spraying of the pesticide DDT as a problem than those societies viewed it in the 1950s, because today more is known about the health risks of pesticides (Figure 1. 6). At the same time, a person living today in a malaria-infested village in Africa or India may welcome the use of DDT if it kills mosquitoes that transmit malaria, because malaria is viewed as a more immediate health threat.Thus an African and an American who have each knowledgeably assessed the pros and cons may, because of differences in their circumstances, differ in their judgment of DDT’s severity as an environmental problem. | Different types of people may also vary in their awareness of problems. For example, in many cultures women are responsible for collecting water and fuelwood. As a result, they are often the first to perceive environmental degradation affecting these resources, whereas men in the same area simply might not â€Å"see†the problem.As another example, in most societies information about environmental health risks tends to reach wealthy people more readily than poor people. Thus, who you are, where you live, and what you do can have a huge ef fect on how you perceive your environment, how you perceive and react to change, and what impact those changes may have on how you live your life. In Chapter 2, we will examine the diversity of human values and philosophies and consider their effects on how we define environmental problems.II. Environmental science provides interdisciplinary solutions Studying and addressing environmental problems is a complex endeavor that requires expertise from many disciplines, including ecology, earth science, chemistry, biology, economics, political science, demography, ethics, and others. Environmental science is thus an interdisciplinary fieldâ€â€one that borrows techniques from numerous disciplines and brings research results from these disciplines together into a broad synthesis (Figure 1. 7).Traditional established disciplines are valuable because their scholars delve deeply into topics, uncovering new knowledge and developing expertise in particular areas. Interdisciplinary fields ar e valuable because their practitioners take specialized knowledge from different disciplines, consolidate it, synthesize it, and make sense of it in a broad context to better serve the multifaceted interests of society. Environmental science is especially broad because it encompasses not only the natural sciences (disciplines that study the natural world), but also the social sciences (disciplines that study human interactions and institutions).The natural sciences provide us the means to gain accurate information about our environment and to interpret it reasonably. Addressing environmental problems, however, also involves weighing values and understanding human behavior, and this requires the social sciences. Most environmental science programs focus predominantly on the natural sciences as they pertain to environmental issues. In contrast, programs incorporating the social sciences heavily often prefer using the term environmental studies to describe their academic umbrella. Whic hever approach one takes, these fields reflect many diverse perspectives and sources of knowledge.Just as an interdisciplinary approach to studying issues can help us better understand them, an integrated approach to addressing problems can produce effective and lasting solutions. One example is the dramatic improvement in one aspect of air quality in the United States over the past few decades. Ever since automobiles were invented, lead had been added to gasoline to make cars run more smoothly, even though medical professionals knew that lead emissions from tailpipes could cause health problems, including brain damage and premature death.In 1970 air pollution was severe, and motor vehicles accounted for 78% of U. S. lead emissions. But over the following years, engineers, physicians, atmospheric scientists, and politicians all merged their knowledge and skills into a process that eventually resulted in a ban on leaded gasoline. By 1996 all gasoline sold in the United States was unl eaded, and the nation’s largest source of atmospheric lead emissions had been completely eliminated. III.Environmental science is not the same as environmentalism Although many environmental scientists are interested in solving problems, it would be incorrect to confuse environmental science with environmentalism, or environmental activism. They are not the same. Environmental science is the pursuit of knowledge about the workings of the environment and our interactions with it. Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural worldâ€â€and, by extension, humansâ€â€from undesirable changes brought about by human choices (Figure 1. ). Although environmental scientists may study many of the same issues environmentalists care about, as scientists they attempt to maintain an objective approach in their work. Remaining free from personal or ideological bias, and open to whatever conclusions the data demand, is a hallmark of the effective scientist. We will now proceed with a brief overview of how science works and how scientists go about this enterprise that brings our society so much valuable knowledge.
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